The Causes of Abortion & Unsafe pregnancy

It is true that life is much greater than the restricted perspective given it by medical science. Also there is a physical state of life; the emotional state, the mental state and the spiritual state of life. However, Bio-medical science concerns itself with the “outwardly sensed physical body” i.e. the physical change of life, and enhance it emphasize on disease and physical sicknesses. The bio medical sciences attempt to look into the relationship that the phenomenon of life has with the practice of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Thus it can be said that; rather than science it is concerned with the general assumptions and the question which transcend   the practice of the medical scientist. As a result of this three issues of bio medical science will be discussed e.g. Abortion, unsafe Pregnancy.

ABORTION

When the female reproductive cell, i.e. the ovum is fertilize by the opposite sex cell s(the male spermatozoa), the result is a single cell zygote, immediate take place, the zygote will begin to divide and day by days, it begins to move to the uterus (womb) and developed to become a conceptions. After 8 weeks, it will become and embryo and later fetus till birth. Abortion comes in when the product of conception is expelled from the uterus prematurely. Also, according to chamber dictionary Abortion is defined as the premature expulsion of an embryo or fetus especially in first three month of pregnancy.

Various kinds of Abortion

Abortion takes place in various forms e.g. natural and unintentional which is known as spontaneous abortion or miscarriage while the other is non spontaneous and often it is it is intentional, it called induced abortion. Spontaneous abortion may include what we can tamed as threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, infected  abortion, incomplete abortion missed abortion missed abortion, all of  which can be commonly caused by defect in the ovum, sperm or placenta, diseases of the uterus or a fibroid tumor, glandular dysfunction, constitutional disease such as diabetes, syphilis, tuberculosis, and explosion to x-ray radiation, among other hand non spontaneous abortion is induced by any of the following method; by dilated and a curette(D&C) this occur when the womb is dilated and curette a used to remove the concepts either by wholly or in pieces.             

Condition for Abortion

At times the reasons for abortion could be seen as therapeutically i.e. they are purely by medical reason; e.g. when a fetus is allowed to develop and come to term, the mother will die. It is argue the mother’s life supersedes that the life of fetus.

If the mental and physical health of the mother is to be protected also when the probability of given birth to deformed child the abortion is considered to save both the parent and the society the burden.

Another is that of utilitarian reason is when pregnancy is seen as unwanted, abortion can be considered so that it would not have an unhappy life. In all this reasons adduces as justification, certain assumptions are held or taken for granted. But the assumption varies from religion prejudices and indoctrinations to individual wills and personal lifestyles. So when a person opposes the performance of an abortion, her reason may be based on the arguments of religion or the dignity of the fetus as a human person.

On the other hand, when she wishes to procure an abortion, especially for a consequential reason, she may have at the back of her mind the long term effect of living with the stigma of a single parent if she was not married, or the disgrace of being a “failure” if she is committed of bringing up the and the effect of family embarrassment may tell on her and her consideration may therefore be to terminate the pregnancy . So this kind of consideration takes place in whatever reason is adduced for justifying or not justifying abortion.

STRETCH MARK

            Stretch marks, also known as striae distensae, occur when there is an increase in circulating glucocorticoid hormones in the bloodstream. These hormones produces by the adrenal glands, are increased in pregnancy, obesity, Adolescence (growth spurt) Cushing disease, Body Building (as a result of strenuous repetitive exercise) and rapid weight gain and loss. They may also be caused by the ingestion of oral steroids and the application of steroid cream and ointment 90 percent of pregnant women develop stretch mark during this period due to colds and other hormones such as Relaxin and Estrogen . this sustained stretching of the about men due to weight gain and the expanding uterus cause marks to develop at about the sixth to seventh months. The breasts, buttocks and the thighs are also commonly affected.

            The skin is comprised of three layer, the Epidermis (protective outer layer) the dermis (elastic resilient middle layer ) and the subcutaneous layer of fat beneath the dermis that supplies nutrient to the other two layers and that cushions and insulates the body.

            Depending on your skin color stretch marks begin as raised, reddish-brown, dark brown or pink striations that turn into flattened white bands that appear a few shades lighter than your natural shin tone. If your skin is dark this color may not be seen but are present stretch can appear anywhere on the body, where the skin has been stretched and are most likely o appear in skin overlying deposit like fat like the thighs, buttocks, abdomen, breast and upper arms. They usually become less noticeable over time, post absolutely no health risk and are purely a cosmetic issue the best time treat is early when the marks are red and raised striae.          

The Causes of Abortion & Unsafe pregnancy

It is true that life is much greater than the restricted perspective giver it by medical science. Also there is a physical state of life; the emotional state, the mental state and the spiritual state of life. However, Bio-medical science concerns itself with the “outwardly sensed physical body” i.e. the physical change of life, and enhance it emphasize on disease on disease and physical sicknesses. The bio medical sciences attempt to look into the relationship that the phenomenon of life has with the practice of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. Thus it can be said that; rather than science it is concerned with the general assumptions and the question which transcend   the practice of the medical scientist. As a result of this three issues of bio medical science will be discussed e.g. Abortion, unsafe Pregnancy.

ABORTION

When the female reproductive cell, i.e. the ovum is fertilize by the opposite sex cell s(the male spermatozoa), the result is a single cell zygote, immediate take place, the zygote will begin to divide and day by days, it begins to move to the uterus (womb) and developed to become a conceptions. After 8 weeks, it will become and embryo and later fetus till birth. Abortion comes in when the product of conception is expelled from the uterus prematurely. Also, according to chamber dictionary Abortion is defined as the premature expulsion of an embryo or fetus especially in first three month of pregnancy.

Various kinds of Abortion

Abortion takes place in various forms e.g. natural and unintentional which is known as spontaneous abortion or miscarriage while the other is non spontaneous and often it is it is intentional, it called induced abortion. Spontaneous abortion may include what we can tamed as threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, infected  abortion, incomplete abortion missed abortion missed abortion, all of  which can be commonly caused by defect in the ovum, sperm or placenta, diseases of the uterus or a fibroid tumor, glandular dysfunction, constitutional disease such as diabetes, syphilis, tuberculosis, and explosion to x-ray radiation, among other hand non spontaneous abortion is induced by any of the following method; by dilated and a curette(D&C) this occur when the womb is dilated and curette a used to remove the concepts either by wholly or in pieces.             

Condition for Abortion

At times the reasons for abortion could be seen as therapeutically i.e. they are purely by medical reason; e.g. when a fetus is allowed to develop and come to term, the mother will die. It is argue the mother’s life supersedes that the life of fetus.

If the mental and physical health of the mother is to be protected also when the probability of given birth to deformed child the abortion is considered to save both the parent and the society the burden.

Another is that of utilitarian reason is when pregnancy is seen as unwanted, abortion can be considered so that it would not have an unhappy life. In all this reasons adduces as justification, certain assumptions are held or taken for granted. But the assumption varies from religion prejudices and indoctrinations to individual wills and personal lifestyles. So when a person opposes the performance of an abortion, her reason may be based on the arguments of religion or the dignity of the fetus as a human person.

On the other hand, when she wishes to procure an abortion, especially for a consequential reason, she may have at the back of her mind the long term effect of living with the stigma of a single parent if she was not married, or the disgrace of being a “failure” if she is committed of bringing up the and the effect of family embarrassment may tell on her and her consideration may therefore be to terminate the pregnancy . So this kind of consideration takes place in whatever reason is adduced for justifying or not justifying abortion.

                                  ‘’ARMED ROBBERY’’     

Crime can be defined as immoral and it involves breaking the law. One of it is ‘armed robbery’.

 Armed robbery are shot in public, it is believed that the ruthless action has some psychological effect. It is unbelievable but it’s happening. as time goes on, the number of armed robbery multiplies instead of decrease why? Because people are in hurry to be greatest millionaire. Nobody wants to work like Rockefeller who lives in America. Rockefeller did not become a millionaire overnight, he worked had for several years before he became a millionaire.  He didn’t turn to armed robber to achieve his arm but here we all want to be instant millionaire at any price.

   The canker worm, dishonesty, has eaten deep into the heart of majority people. In most cases, armed robber get information from some highly places staff at the banks and other financial institutions before they plan their operation. The training ground for the potential armed robber is in motor parks. Only a two day in a motor park can lead to monk and monks turn into a cannibal. The way of doing this, is fighting, gambling, stealing and killing. Armed robbery planning are the routine practices of these able-bodied men in motor parks.

 During the night you will find them in some notorious hide-out hotels where they drink, smoke Indian hemp, plan nothing but evil and seal their plans by playing with prostitutes. You can also found them at cinema house especially when cowboy films are screened. Craftsmanship is another thing leads to armed robbery because it kills and buried. You are foolish to have to exercise your creative ability when all you need to do is to make a bee-line for the money by all means possible and enjoy the material things to life. Only when you have done that will you be regarded as having achieved something. This is the main cause of armed robbery; they have been made to understand that in this society money is the only answer to any problem, including enjoying the companionship of woman. The agony of being executed last for a very shot time while that of a life-time confinement is some what perceptual.

 Again, this swift form of punishment leaves no room for real repentance while a robber serving life sentence may one day receive light and in true spirit regret his past deeds no living soul with a sound mind would want to engage in stealing or robbery not to talk of armed robbery. In order make armed robbery punishment effective or to discourage armed robbery entirely, we want wage war against ostentation because it is an enemy of true progress. 

   Finally armed robbery is not a way of life. Its spoils the family name and ruin the person life in the soil. It is advisable to stay away from armed robbery and work had to earn a living.                     

POVERTY IN NIGERIA

Poverty is being defined as the inability to achieve a certain minimal standard of living that contributes economy’s growth in Nigeria. In 1986 Nigeria economics was introduced by the government in a structural adjustment programme includes exchange rate monetary, budgetary and financial reforms. These reforms were expected to revitalize the economy’s growth and improvement in equity of our country.

Poverty based on minimum nutritional standard that is converted into food expenses to which certain expenditure for clothing and shelter .The real growth improvement rate became effective after 1988 which led to the widespread view which improvement had produced positive results. The point is whether and to what extent structural adjustment reforms alleviated poverty in Nigeria. It is not enough to know whether inequality or declined during reform period.

It is better to know if such a change resulted polarization, or the wide gap between the poor and the rich. If there is polarization, the resultant social tension may have implications for the sustainability of the reform measures. To try to find a more definitive answer. This research investigated inequality and poverty in Nigeria using data from national household income surveys. The main target was to examine how poverty has been reduced by the policies introduced during the period, and particularly the pattern of growth these policies engendered.

The widening gap between the poor and the non- poor, termed polarization and characterized by the disappearance of the middle class, was of particular interest. The study used the food energy intake method, a variant of the absolute poverty approach linking aggregate macroeconomic variables to the micro level distribution of income and poverty poses a problem. There is several method of measuring the linkage. One approach analyses the effect of exchange rate devaluation and its impact on real wages.

As long is income is generally more equally distributed than return to capital, a devaluation would improve income distribution and thus poverty. Other approaches that seek to measure the standard of living by establishing a poverty line that delineates the poor and the rich. The most popular are the food energy intake approach and the cost of basic needs approach. These methods are anchored on estimating the cost or attaining a predetermined level of energy food or calories intake. Other indexes measured the incidence depth and severity of poverty.

Using the head-count index, the study found that an increasing number of Nigerians were living in absolute poverty over the study periods:38% in 1985, 43% in 1992 and 47% in 1996. Poverty is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The corresponding numbers are 38%, 35%and 37% in urban areas, and 41%, 49% and 51% in rural areas. The male and female distribution of poverty is consistent with the evidence from earlier studies that suggest that poverty is more pronounced among male- headed households. While it is also known that male household slipped deeper into poverty while their female counterparts faired slightly better.

Poverty incidence actually improved in the southern zones in the 1990s but deteriorated in the North. In the South it is higher in Akwa – Ibom, Delta and Edo states and in the North in Bauchi, Jigawa and Yobe. The variation need to pay attention to regional differences when designing policy intervention to alleviate poverty. In decomposing the various contributions to poverty in Nigeria the North constitutes the bulk of poverty in Nigeria.

The study also showed that the effect of growth on poverty was more pronounced in urban areas. The growth over the period actually seemed to have worsened poverty. However, the relatively lower growth may have contributed marginally to poverty reduction, there are some other conditions to consider, however the former period coincided with the introduction and immediate aftermath of structural adjustment. In the later period, on the other hand a nationwide upward view of salaries in 1992 raised the income level of a large section of the labor force, which could explain the somewhat lower incidence of poverty in that period.

This suggests that the so called itricle downi phenomenon, underlying the view that growth improves poverty and inequality. This may be because much of the growth is driven by the oil and mining sectors polarization. Its distribution appears to contribute to increase poverty. Third socio-economic infrastructural facilities with the widely acknowledged relationship between education and poverty.  

Human Trafficking

Human trafficking could be described as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, Harboring or receipt of people for the purpose of exploitation. It involves a process of using illicit means such as threat, use of force, or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse power to vulnerability.

            Exploitation also includes forcing people into prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, force labor or services, slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. For children exploitation may include illicit international adoption, trafficking for early marriage.

            Human trafficking differ from people smuggling. In the latter, people voluntarily request smugglers service for fees and there may be no deception involve in the

Illegal agreement on the arrival at there destination, the smuggled person is usually free. On the other hand, the trafficking victim is enslaved, or the terms of their dept bondage 

are fraudulent or highly exploitative. These traffickers take away the basic human right of the victim. Victims are sometimes tricked a d lured by false promises or physically forced. Some traffickers use coercive and manipulative tactics including deception, intimidation, feigned love, isolation, threat and use of physical force, dept bondage, or even force- feeding with drugs to control their victims.

            Trafficking of children, often involves exploitation of the parents extreme poverty. The latter may sell children to traffickers in other to pay off debts or gain income or they may be deceived concerning the prospects training and a better life for their children.

            The adoption process, legal and illegal result in cases of trafficking of basics and pregnant women between the west and the developing world.

            Women who form 80% of trafficking victims, are particularly at risk to become involved in sex trafficking. Potential kidnappers exploit lack of opportunities for study and then force the victims to become prostitute, participate  pornography or escort services through agents and brokers who arrange travel and job placement, women are escorted to their destinations and delivered to the employers. Upon reaching their destinations, some women learn that they have been deceived about the nature of the work they do. The main motive of a women (In some cases an underage girls) to accept offer from a trafficker is better financial opportunities for herself or her family. In many cases traffickers initially offer “legitimate” work or the promise of an opportunity to study. The main types of work offered are catering and hotel industry, in bars and clubs, modeling contracts, traffickers sometimes use offer of marriage , threats, intimidation and kidnapping as means of obtaining victims. In the majority cases, women end up in prostitution, but they have an inaccurate view of the circumstances and the condition of the work in their country of destination.

            Men are also at risk of being trafficked for unskilled work predominantly involving hard labor. Other forms of trafficking include bonded of sweatshop labor. Forced marriage and domestic servitude. Children are also trafficked both labor exploitation. Many women are forced into the sex trade after answering false advertisements, and others are simply kidnapped. Thousands of children from Asia, Africa, and South America are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned, and sometimes they are actually sold by their own family.

The passing of urine is a metabolic function of the human body. That is to say, it is one of nature’s ways of discharging waste from the body.

The ease with which urine is passed makes it possible for many people to do so in places other than the toilet.  The gutter, roadside and other open places.  But for those who have urinary track infections the urges to urinate even urinate even in close places, could be scary given the burning sensation they experience in their private part.

Urinary track infection (UTI) respects no age, sex or social status.  The Urinary system consists of the kidneys, neuters, bladder and urethra.  The key elements in the system are the kidneys, which eject excess liquid and wastes from the blood in the form of urine, kept it in the bladder and employ it through the urethra.  The amount of urine passed by the average healthy person depends on the amount of liquid consumed and the kind of food the person eats.

Urinary infection, which is sold to be one of the commonest diseases of the mankind, is caused by bacteria “it is an inflammatory of neutron which can attributed to an invasion of the body by micro-organisms, specially if it is a negative invasion.

Medical expert believe that usually, we woman in five suffers from UTI in their lifetime, while men are also not immune from the disease.  Although the infection can be very serious in men when it occurs, the fact remains that women suffer more being that both the rectum and the virginal are natural incubators for bacteria.  And as the bacterial multiply, they spread to other places, especially the near by urethra, the exit tube for urine.  Unlike the male urethra, which is a bit long, the female urethra is short, thus giving the invading bacteria quick access to the bladder.

If proper cave is not taken, the bacteria can move far than upstream to the kidneys causing more serious infection called pyelonephritis, and with that, serious health problem can occur.

Some of the factors that can cause UTI include multiple sex partners, this explains why women who engage in indiscriminate sex, experience it more than women who have single sex partners.  At the same time, more frequent and intense intercourse with bruises all over can cause infection.

In the same vein, the use of irritating contraceptives like spermicidal and diaphragms as well as heavy both control pills can lead to infection in the urinary tract.

UTI can be symptom of the presence of certain diseases in the body, which include diabetes, blockage of the urinary tract and sexually transmitted disease like suphiles and gonorrhea in men

“if the normal rule of hygiene is not practiced there is every possibility of experiences the disease.

While UTI can be threaded easily there is every possibility that those who experience it can within a short interval experience it again if proper medical help is not obtained.  It is basic fact that in this part of the word majority of the people still depend on herbal practices which can even worsen the infection and lead to its being spread to other internal and sensitive organs of the body.

Generally, medical experts advice that people should observe the normal rules of hygiene and practice safe sex.  They also advised that UTI should not allowed to aggrieve be before competent medical personnel is contracted.

Science is a body of empirical and theoretical knowledge, produce by a global community of researchers, making use of specific techniques for the observation and explanation of real phenomenon, this technique summed up under banner of scientific method.  As such, the history of science draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.

The scientific revolution of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century saw the inception of modern scientific methods to guide the evaluation of knowledge.  This change is considered to be so fundamental that source; especially philosophers of science practicing scientists consider earlier enquiries into nature to the pre-scientific.  Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those enquiries.

EARLY CUTURE.

In pre-historic times, advice and knowledge was passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition.  The development of writing enables knowledge to be stored and communicated across generation with much greater fidelity.  Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time could be devoted to tasks other than survival.

Many ancient civilizations, collected stars enological information in a systematic manner through simple observation.  Though they had no knowledge of the real physical structure of the planet and stars, many theoretical explanations were proposed.

Basic facts about human physiology were known in some places, and alchemy was practiced in several civilizations. Considerable observation of macrobiotic flora and fauna was also performed.

SCIENCE IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY

PLATO AND ARISTOTLE

In antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigating aimed at such practical goals as establishing in a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy.  The ancient peoples who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians) or as followers of a religions tradition.

The earlier Greek philosophers know as the pre-Socratic, provided competing answers to the question in the myths of their neighbors “How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?” subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produce in the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape letter investigations into nature.

The important legacy of this period include of substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology and astronomy, an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems especially those related to the problem of change and its causes and recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomenon and undertaking empirical research.

 THE MIDDLE AGES

With the division of empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contrast with much of its pest.  The library of Alexandria, which had suffered since it fell under Roman rule, had been destroyed by 642, shortly after the Arab conquest of Egypt while the Byzantine Empire still held leaving centers such as Constantinople, western Europe’s knowledge was concentrated in Monasteries until the development of medieval universities in the 12^th and 13^th centuries.  The curriculum of monastic schools included the studied of little available ancient text of the new works on practical subjects like medicine and time keeping.

HISTORY OF SCIENCE IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD

Meanwhile, the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support by the newly created Arab caliphate.  With the spread of Islam in the 7^th and 8^th centuries, a period of Islamic Scholarship lasted until the 14^th century.  This scholarship was aided by several factors.  The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of translator.  Access to Greek and Roman texts from the B/Zantine Empire along the Indian source of learning provided Islamic scholars knowledge use to build upon.  In addition, there was this Hajj, which facilitated scholarly collaboration by bringing together people and new ideas from all over the Islamic world.

Islamic scientist place of far greater emphasis on experiment then had the Greek in mathematics the Persian scholar Muhammed ibn Musa al-khwarizini gave has name to the Indian concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. Sebian mathematical Al-Batani (950-929) contributed to astronomy and mathematics and person scholarly Al- Razi to chemistry.  In astronomy, Al-Razi to chemistry.  In astronomy, Al Bateme improved the measurements of Heptarchs, preserve in the precession of earth’s axis. Arab alchemy, though flawed as a science, inspired Rojer Bacon (who introduced the empirical method of Europe, strongly influenced by his reading of Arabic writers, and letter Isaac Newton. European science from the 12^th century Renaissance.

MAP OF MEDIEVAL

An intellectual revitalization of Europe Started with the birth of medieval Universities and during the crusades allowed European access to preserved copies of the Ancient Greek and Roman works along with the works of Islamic philosophers, especially Averroes.  The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure, which was needed for scientific communities.  As well as this Europeans began to venture further and further east (most notably, perhaps, Marcopolo) as a result of the max Mongolica.  This led to the increased influence of Indian and even Chinese science on the European tradition.  Technological advances were also made, such as the early flight.

Medieval scholars sought to understand the geometric and harmonic principles, which God created the Universe.  At the beginning of the 13^th century these were reasonably accurate Latin translation of the main works of the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the Universities and monasteries.

By then, the natural philosophy contain in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Rober Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns scouts.  Precursors of the modern scientific method can be already in Grosseteste’s emphasis on mathematics is a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Barcon, a particularly in his opus Majus.  According to Pierre the birth or modern science, because it force thinker to break from relying so much on Aristotle, and to think about the world in new ways. In 1348, the Black Death and other disaster to the massive philosophic and scientific development.  Yet, the vedisco very of ancient texts was improved after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the west.  Meanwhile, the introduction of printing to have great effect on European society.  The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas.  New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at tens point.  No least the introduction of Algebra.  These developments paved the way for scientific revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific change, halted at the start of the Black Death.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

The renewal of learning in Europe that began with 12^th century scholasticism, came to an end about the time of Black Death, the initial period of subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as will in scientific activity.  The worsen Renaissance, one on other biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine).  This modern science summed in period of great upheaval.  The protestant reformation and Catholic counter reformation, the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus; the fall of Constantinople; but also re-discovery of Aristotle during the scholastic period presaged large social and political changes.  Thus, a suitable environment was created in which it became possible to question scientific doctrine, in much the same way that Marin Luther and John Calvin questioned religious doctrine.  The works of Ptolemy (astronomy), Galen medicine), and Aristotle (physics) were found not always to match everyday observations.  For example, and arrow flying through the air after leaving a bow contradict Aristotle’s laws of motion which say that a moving object must be constantly under influence of an external force, as the natural state of earthly objects is to be at rest.  Work by Vesalius on human cadavers also found problems with the Galenic view of anatomy.

SEMI CONSERVATURE DNA REPLICATION

In 1847, Hugarian Physician ignac Fulop sommeliers dramatically reduced the occurrence of puerperal fever by the simple experiment of requiring physicians to wash their hand before attending to women in childbirth.  This discovery predicted germ theory of disease.

However, semmilwis findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeons Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister’s work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur.  Pasteur was able to link microorganism with disease, revolution-using medicine.  He also devised one of the most important methods in preventing medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine process of pasteurization, to help preventing the spread of disease through milk and other foods. Perhaps the most prominent and for reaching theory in all science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British natural list Charles Darwin in his on the Origin of species in 1859.  Dawin’s theory proposed that natural processes formed all differences animals over long periods of time, and that even humans were simply evolve organisms.  Implications of evaluation on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different part of society, and profoundly influence the popular understanding of “man’s place in the universe”.

In the early 20^th century, the study of hereditary became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Austrian work Gregor Mendel in 1866.  Mendel’s laws provided the beginning of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research.

By 1953, James Watson basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms.  In the late 20^th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (The Human Genome Project) has been routed as potentially having large medical benefits.

The summary of this essay is simple from antiquity; there has always existed a close affinity between science and philosophy. The nature or character of philosophy in a particular period determined the rapidity with which science developed and vice versa.  This symbiotic report between science and philosophy became most pronounced in the modern and postmodern periods.

Women have a lot power and need to be empowered to build their confidence and overcome negative cultural practices that still keep them in bondage. The current war of equality between men and women will one day afford women the chance to prove their worth on the political scene in the same way they have excelled in other fields of human endeavour.

          Today, women have not achieved equality and their potential is not adequately tapped politically. So far, the nation has recorded percentage involvement of women in governance. In 1996, women had only 6percent  of ministerial and sub-ministerial appointments in a country that has the largest population on the African continent with many women striving  for full and equal participation in governance.

          In  the past two decades, in the poorest countries of the world, economic restructuring programmes agreed by male dominated governments and led intenational organisation, have heat human hardest. In terms of human civil rights, only 44 have laws against domestic violence, 17 countries have made marital rape a criminal offence, and 27 countries have passed laws on sexual harassment. These are names of  the woman activist.

Kudirat Abiola, Simbiat Abiola Lady Kofo Ademola, Toyin Adewale, Queen Amina of Zaria, MoremiAjasoro, Bonlale Awe, Lola Ayorinde, Buchi Emecheta Rebecca ikpe, Major General Aderonke Kale, Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, Dr.Bene Madunagu, Flora Nwapan Chief Bisi Ogunleye, Dr. Elizabeth Dupeojo, Synclair, Mrs.Bisoye Tejuosho, MadamTinubu, Hajara Usman, Mrs. Grace Alele Williams Diana Wiwa

One destruction is drawn also between waster in science and native science.  This shows how a worldview determines which tend of science is practiced by the people within this framework.

As an example of a distinction, a physical may determine that the velocity of an object falling toward the earth due to gravity sequel to get, where it is the time of following and g is a conversational contrast.  The physical report this not as an opinion or viewpoint, but as fact about the nature of the universe.  Other scientists may examine the claim.  The claim will stand unless and until objectivity disproven by another person as being totally incorrect in some wap.  But if the claims correct, any one who tries the experiment will get the same answer.  By contrast, sociology may make a claim example about the causes of poverty.  The sociologist may conclude that the causes are mainly a lack of labodaws.  Another sociologist may have deferent of view and publish a paper that concludes the reason is mainly a lack of education.  A third sociologist may claim is just a difference in personal industriousness.  Any of these point of view may be reasonable, and same may seem move reasonable that others to various readers, but in most cases no one will be able to make the claim that one of provable in the way there theory of giving is.  The conclusions ultimately rely on personal opinions in a way that the conclusions hard science do not.

Historians of science, sterling with the work done by Thomas Kuhu, has focused on the ways in which third science have functioned in the ways which were less hard that grievously assured, emphasizing that decisions over the veracity of a given theory owed much more between influence by the ‘hard” label would emphasize land begin to question whether there are any real distinctions between and soft science.  Some, such those who subscribe to the strong program” of the scientific knowledge would go even pure and remove the barrier between “hard” science and non science” completely.  This view of science has not been taken to finally by scientific themselves despite these objections.